NVIDIA Drivers and CUDA

Running AI workloads on EL (Enterprise Linux) systems requires proper installation of NVIDIA GPU drivers and the CUDA toolkit. This guide covers driver installation, CUDA configuration, nvidia-smi usage, and NVIDIA Container Toolkit deployment.

Check GPU Hardware

Confirm the System Detects the GPU

lspci | grep -i nvidia

Example output:

3b:00.0 3D controller: NVIDIA Corporation A100 80GB PCIe (rev a1)

If there is no output, the system has not detected an NVIDIA GPU. Check the hardware connection or BIOS settings.

View Detailed GPU Information

lspci -v -s $(lspci | grep -i nvidia | head -1 | awk '{print $1}')

Install NVIDIA Drivers

There are two main ways to install drivers: through the NVIDIA official repository (recommended) or through ELRepo.

Pre-Installation

Ensure the system is updated and install necessary dependencies:

sudo dnf update -y
sudo dnf install -y epel-release   # dkms comes from EPEL
sudo dnf install -y kernel-devel kernel-headers gcc make dkms

Disable the nouveau open-source driver (if loaded):

# Check if nouveau is loaded
lsmod | grep nouveau

# If there is output, disable it
sudo tee /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist-nouveau.conf > /dev/null <<'EOF'
blacklist nouveau
options nouveau modeset=0
EOF

# Rebuild initramfs
sudo dracut --force

# Reboot
sudo reboot

Option 1: NVIDIA Official Repository (Recommended)

This is the recommended approach for getting the latest driver versions. Pick the repository that matches your EL release.

EL 9

Add the NVIDIA CUDA repository and install the driver (EL 9)

# Add the NVIDIA CUDA repository (includes both drivers and CUDA)
sudo dnf config-manager --add-repo https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/rhel9/x86_64/cuda-rhel9.repo

# Clean cache
sudo dnf clean all

# Install the latest driver (DKMS module)
sudo dnf module install -y nvidia-driver:latest-dkms

EL 10

Add the NVIDIA CUDA repository and install the driver (EL 10)

# Add the NVIDIA CUDA repository (rhel10)
sudo dnf config-manager --add-repo https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/rhel10/x86_64/cuda-rhel10.repo

# Clean cache
sudo dnf clean all

# The EL 10 NVIDIA repository provides no module stream — install the open kernel module driver directly
sudo dnf install -y nvidia-open

Note

The EL 10 NVIDIA CUDA repository does not provide an nvidia-driver module stream, so install the nvidia-open package directly; dnf module is deprecated on EL 10 (no modular content is distributed). Use the exact package name from the NVIDIA CUDA Installation Guide and your repository (dnf list available 'nvidia*').

If you prefer to install a specific driver version:

List and install a specific driver version

# List available versions
sudo dnf list available nvidia-driver --showduplicates

# Install a specific version (replace <version> with one from the list above)
sudo dnf install -y nvidia-driver-<version>

Reboot after installation:

sudo reboot

Option 2: ELRepo Repository

ELRepo is a community-maintained driver repository for Enterprise Linux:

Install the NVIDIA driver via ELRepo (EL 9)

# Install the ELRepo repository
sudo dnf install -y https://www.elrepo.org/elrepo-release-9.el9.elrepo.noarch.rpm

# Install the NVIDIA driver (kmod version, auto-recompiles with kernel updates)
sudo dnf install -y kmod-nvidia

# Or install the DKMS version
sudo dnf install -y nvidia-x11-drv

Install the NVIDIA driver via ELRepo (EL 10)

# Install the ELRepo repository
sudo dnf install -y https://www.elrepo.org/elrepo-release-10.el10.elrepo.noarch.rpm

# Install the NVIDIA driver (kmod version)
sudo dnf install -y kmod-nvidia

# Or install the DKMS version
sudo dnf install -y nvidia-x11-drv

Reboot:

sudo reboot

Verify Driver Installation

nvidia-smi

Example successful output:

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| NVIDIA-SMI 580.126.16             Driver Version: 580.126.16     CUDA Version: 13.0     |
|-----------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------+
| GPU  Name                 Persistence-M | Bus-Id          Disp.A | Volatile Uncorr. ECC |
| Fan  Temp   Perf          Pwr:Usage/Cap |           Memory-Usage | GPU-Util  Compute M. |
|=========================================+========================+======================|
|   0  NVIDIA A100 80GB PCIe         Off  | 00000000:3B:00.0  Off |                    0 |
| N/A   32C    P0              43W / 300W |       0MiB / 81920MiB |      0%      Default |
+-----------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------+

Common nvidia-smi Commands

nvidia-smi is the NVIDIA System Management Interface tool for monitoring and managing GPUs.

# Basic information
nvidia-smi

# Continuous monitoring (refresh every second)
watch -n 1 nvidia-smi

# View detailed GPU information
nvidia-smi -q

# View only GPU utilization and memory
nvidia-smi --query-gpu=index,name,utilization.gpu,memory.used,memory.total --format=csv

# View processes running on the GPU
nvidia-smi pmon -i 0

# Enable persistence mode (reduces first-call latency)
sudo nvidia-smi -pm 1

# Set GPU power limit
sudo nvidia-smi -pl 250

# View GPU temperature
nvidia-smi --query-gpu=temperature.gpu --format=csv,noheader

Persistence Mode Daemon

On servers, it is recommended to enable nvidia-persistenced to avoid initialization delays on each GPU call:

sudo systemctl enable --now nvidia-persistenced

Install CUDA Toolkit

The CUDA toolkit includes the compiler (nvcc), libraries, and development tools required for compiling GPU-accelerated programs.

Install via NVIDIA Repository

If you already added the NVIDIA CUDA repository when installing the driver, you can install directly:

Install the CUDA toolkit

# Install the latest CUDA toolkit
sudo dnf install -y cuda-toolkit

# Or install a specific version (check which versions the repository provides first)
sudo dnf list available 'cuda-toolkit-*'
sudo dnf install -y cuda-toolkit-<version>

Configure Environment Variables

# Add CUDA to PATH
cat >> ~/.bashrc <<'EOF'

# CUDA
export PATH=/usr/local/cuda/bin:$PATH
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/cuda/lib64:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
EOF

source ~/.bashrc

Verify CUDA Installation

nvcc --version

Example output:

nvcc: NVIDIA (R) Cuda compiler driver
Copyright (c) 2005-2024 NVIDIA Corporation
Built on ...
Cuda compilation tools, release 13.3, V13.3.xxx

Compile a Test Program

# Install CUDA samples (optional)
# install the samples package matching the CUDA major (13.x -> cuda-samples-13-*; check `dnf list 'cuda-samples*'`)
sudo dnf install -y cuda-samples-13-3

# Compile the deviceQuery sample
cd /usr/local/cuda/samples/1_Utilities/deviceQuery 2>/dev/null || \
  echo "Samples may be in a different location; check /usr/local/cuda/extras/"

# Or write a test program manually
cat > /tmp/cuda_test.cu <<'EOF'
#include <stdio.h>
__global__ void hello() {
    printf("Hello from GPU thread %d\n", threadIdx.x);
}
int main() {
    hello<<<1, 5>>>();
    cudaDeviceSynchronize();
    return 0;
}
EOF

nvcc /tmp/cuda_test.cu -o /tmp/cuda_test && /tmp/cuda_test

cuDNN Installation

Some deep learning frameworks require the cuDNN library:

# Install via NVIDIA repository
# match the CUDA major: 13.x uses cudnn9-cuda-13; check `dnf list 'cudnn*'` first
sudo dnf install -y cudnn9-cuda-13

NVIDIA Container Toolkit

The NVIDIA Container Toolkit enables Docker and Podman containers to access the host’s GPU, which is a key component for running AI applications in containers.

Install Container Toolkit

# Add the NVIDIA Container Toolkit repository
curl -s -L https://nvidia.github.io/libnvidia-container/stable/rpm/nvidia-container-toolkit.repo | \
  sudo tee /etc/yum.repos.d/nvidia-container-toolkit.repo

# Install
sudo dnf install -y nvidia-container-toolkit

Configure Docker

# Configure Docker runtime
sudo nvidia-ctk runtime configure --runtime=docker

# Restart Docker
sudo systemctl restart docker

# Verify GPU is available inside containers
sudo docker run --rm --gpus all nvidia/cuda:13.3.1-base-ubi9 nvidia-smi

Configure Podman

# Configure Podman (CDI method)
sudo nvidia-ctk cdi generate --output=/etc/cdi/nvidia.yaml

# Verify CDI devices
nvidia-ctk cdi list

# Run a GPU container
podman run --rm --device nvidia.com/gpu=all nvidia/cuda:13.3.1-base-ubi9 nvidia-smi

Caution

The CUDA version in the container image must not exceed what your installed driver supports (for example, driver 580.x supports up to CUDA 13.3). Choose the image tag based on the CUDA Version reported by nvidia-smi.

Using GPU in Docker Compose

Declare GPU resources in docker-compose.yml:

services:
  ai-app:
    image: your-ai-image:latest
    deploy:
      resources:
        reservations:
          devices:
            - driver: nvidia
              count: all  # Or specify a number like 1
              capabilities: [gpu]

Driver Updates

Update Drivers

# Update via NVIDIA repository
sudo dnf update -y nvidia-driver cuda-toolkit

# Reboot after updating
sudo reboot

Roll Back Drivers

If the new driver has issues, you can roll back to a previous version:

Roll back to a specific version

# Check installed versions
rpm -qa | grep nvidia-driver

# Downgrade to a specific version (replace <version> with the target version)
sudo dnf downgrade nvidia-driver-<version>
sudo reboot

FAQ

nvidia-smi Error: NVIDIA-SMI has failed

# Check if the driver module is loaded
lsmod | grep nvidia

# If not loaded, try loading it manually
sudo modprobe nvidia

# Check kernel logs
sudo dmesg | grep -i nvidia

# The most common cause is Secure Boot blocking unsigned kernel modules
# Disable Secure Boot in BIOS, or sign the modules

Driver Fails After Kernel Update

If you used the DKMS installation method, the driver should auto-recompile after a kernel update. If it fails:

# Check DKMS status
dkms status

# Manually recompile
sudo dkms autoinstall

# Reboot
sudo reboot

Specifying GPUs in Multi-GPU Environments

# List all GPUs
nvidia-smi -L

# Specify visible GPUs via environment variable
export CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0      # Use only GPU 0
export CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0,1    # Use GPU 0 and 1
export CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=""     # Disable all GPUs

Check GPU-Compatible CUDA Version

# The top-right corner of nvidia-smi shows the maximum CUDA version supported by the driver
nvidia-smi

# The actual installed CUDA version
nvcc --version

Note

The CUDA version shown by nvidia-smi is the maximum version compatible with the driver, not necessarily the version actually installed. You can install any CUDA toolkit version equal to or lower than that version.